Genocide and crimes against humanity occurred during the year against predominantly Muslim Uyghurs and members of other ethnic and religious minority groups in Xinjiang. There were reports that members of the security forces committed serious and pervasive abuses. Civilian authorities maintained effective control of the security forces. Local jurisdictions also frequently use civilian municipal security forces, known as “urban management” officials, to enforce administrative measures. The People’s Liberation Army is primarily responsible for external security but also has some domestic security responsibilities. The People’s Armed Police continue to be under the dual authority of the Central Committee of the Communist Party and the Central Military Commission. The main domestic security agencies include the Ministry of State Security, the Ministry of Public Security, and the People’s Armed Police. Xi Jinping continued to hold the three most powerful positions as party general secretary, state president, and chairman of the Central Military Commission. Ultimate authority rests with the Communist Party Central Committee’s 24-member Political Bureau (Politburo) and its seven-member Standing Committee. Communist Party members hold almost all top government and security apparatus positions. The People’s Republic of China is an authoritarian state in which the Chinese Communist Party is the paramount authority. Hong Kong | Macau | Tibet EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Under Secretary for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs.Bureau of South and Central Asian Affairs.Bureau of International Organization Affairs.Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs.Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs.Office of Management Strategy and Solutions.Bureau of Overseas Buildings Operations.Bureau of Information Resource Management.Bureau of the Comptroller and Global Financial Services.Office of the Science and Technology Adviser.Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs.Bureau of Economic and Business Affairs.Under Secretary for Economic Growth, Energy, and the Environment.
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